INTRODUCTION:

Herbal medicine is an essential component of traditional medicine. Generally about 70-80% of the world population is depend on drug which formulated by the plant^1,21. It may be wholly and partially. According to back years reserch that the leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata is used as anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-tumors, hepatoprotective, analgesic, insecticidal, anti-lithic activity, anti-histaminic, anti-microbial, muscle relaxant, cytotoxic and sedative^1,3. Different chemical constituents are present in bryophyllum pinnatum plant like flavonoid glycosides, phenols, bufadienolides, polyphenols, phytosteroids, triterpenoids of amyrin structure and organic acids^1,4. Kalanchoe pinnata is also known as “Ranakalli”, “Mother of thousand”, “Wonder of the world”, “Goethe plant”, “Mexican love plant”, “Air plant”, “Life plant”, “Cathedral bells”, “Miracle leaf” and also known as “Bryophyllum pinnatum” and it is belongs to the Crassulaceae family².

Kalanchoe pinnata is native for tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa, Australia, Madagaskar and as well as America^6,17. Kalanchoe contain alkaloids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, lipids and glycosides. The leaves contain a group of chemicals called bufadienolides. They are very similar in activity and structure as two another glycosides, digitoxin and digoxin (drugs that used for the treatment of congestive heart failure and its related condition)⁷. Extract of Kalanchoe pinnata plant and their species are reported to exhibit antimicrobial and virucide activity. And also found to kill leishmanias and malaria plasmodium⁹. The cultivation of Kalanchoe pinnata in present study is as a garden plant and its evaluation for its antihyperglycemic action. Kalanchoe pinnata plant and it`s species are reported to be cardiotoxic to sheep and cattle¹¹.

Fig: Mother of Thousands leaves

However, the majority of K. pinnata plant has not yet been screen for such activity. Therefore in order to contribute further to the knowledge of Indian traditional plants. We found its antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties with the help of our present study¹². The genus Kalanchoe pinnata play important role in the investigation of physiological, phylogenetic and biochemical aspects of CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) in the plants, which is essential evolutionary adaptation of the photosynthetic carbon assimilation pathway to arid environment¹⁶. Kalanchoe pinnata plant is used as in treating high blood pressure, convulsion, epilepsy, candidiasis, bladder infection, stroke, pain and also used as an anti- poisoning²². It is used as an astringent, sweet in the post digestive effect, sour in taste and has not potency. It is well known for their haemostatic and wound healing properties²⁵.

Taxonomy of plant:

Kingdom - Plantae

Super division- Seed plants

Subkingdom - Vascular plants

Class - Dicotyledonous

Family - Crassulaceae stonecrop

Genus - Kalanchoe

Species - Kalanchoe pinnata (lam.) per

Division - Flowering plant

Subclass - Rosidae

Order - Saxifragales

Constituents:

Various types of secondary metabolites have been report through bryophyllum species. Individual attention has been paid to the bufadienolides, owing to their adverse relevance for grazing animals and their bioactivities. And a large number of flavonoids have been reported in plant Kalanchoe pinnata. Other constituents of k. pinnata include various steroids, phenanthrene, triterpenes and some ubiquitous compounds. The composition of B.daigremontianum and B. delagoense are almost exclusively limited to bufadienolides.

a. Bufadienolides:

Thirteen bufadienolides in which include three glycosides have been reported through B. pinnata, mostly in the conjunction along with various bioactivities like as cytotoxic and insecticidal properties. The various bufadienolides like Bersaldegenin-1-acetate, bersaldegenin-1,3,5-orthoacetate, bryotoxin c, glycosides bryophyllins. A have been found in all species of k. pinnata. And in contrast, bryophyllum C and B have been reported only in Kalanchoe pinnata, methyl daigremonate only in B.daigremontianum and B. daigremontianum¹⁸.

b. Flavonoids, phenols and phenylpropanoids:

In Kalanchoe pinnata a number of flavonoids have been found. It includes numerous flavonoids derivative, generally kaempferol glycosides and quercetin, as well as some flavone glycosides like as acacetin, diosmrtin glycosides and luteolin. Epigallocatechin-3-osyringate and ethenylamino-substitutes anthocyanidin along with a biogenetically unlike structure have reported in addition¹⁸.Ferulic acid, protocatechuric acid, phosphoenolpyruvate, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-cinnamic acid, 4-oh-benzoic acid, p-oh-cinnamic acid and paracoumaric isolated from aerial parts of plant of k. pinnata. Leaves of k. p. contain astragalin, luteolin, kaempferol, rutin. Because of its restricted occur and in B. pinnatum its abundance and flavonoids may be a chemical marker of plant show high therapeutic potential^27,28,29.

c. Triterpenoids and steroids:

The plant Kalanchoe pinnata contain several types of steroids and triterpenoids such as bryophollenone, taraxerol, pseudo taraxasterol, bryophollone, friedelin, glutinol. The steroidal and cardienolide contents like as bryophynol, bryophyllin, beta-amyrinacetate with potency cytotoxicity, many insecticidal are isolated from aerial parts such as bryotoxin A, bryotoxin B, bufadienolides bryophyllin C and bersaldegenin-3-acetate^30,31.

d. Fatty acids and minerals:

Fatty acid fraction which is includes stearic acid, palmitic acid, traces of behenic acid, HCN, citric acid, oxaloacetate, oxalic acid, isocitric acid, makic acid, succinic acid and arachidic. The plant has vitamins and aminoacids like as riboflavin, thiamine, glycine, cysteine, glutamic acid, methionine, tyrosine and phenylalanine in high amount³². Food content are protein, lipids, acids, iodine and carbohydrates. Plant of Kalanchoe pinnata is also containing tanins, alkaloids, alkanes, alkanols and hentriacontane³³.

e. Others:

The plant extract of K. pinnata revealed that this succulent plant which contains several types of bioactive compound expected to have anti-hair loss activity, like sitosterols, malic acid and saponins. However there has been no reserch that reveals the influence of kalanchoe plant ingredients on hair care remedies until now its reveals. Recent study is a part of our effort in extending seeks of plant species growing in Indonesia that are intended to use as hair growth promoting agents²³. The phytochemical of k. pinnata are used for the treatment of various infections. The presence or absence of various phytochemical occurs with the help of qualitative test performed to analyze²⁴.

f. Habitat:

It is essential plant which native in Madagascar. It has become naturalized in temperate areas of Caribbean, pacific and Asia, it is a famous houseplant. It has in common along with other members of Kalanchoe pinnata section of bryophyllum genus; it is distinctive especially for the profusion of miniature plantlets that obtained from on the margins of it leaves (26).

Fig: Mother of Thousands

Properties of Bryophyllum pinnatum:

1) Wound healing property:

K. pinnata show wound healing activity due to presence of ethanolic extract. It is decreasing the size of the affected area like that oedema at the wounding site. It is also due to the presence of steroidal glycosides and phenolic anti-oxidant. According to recent studies the water, alcoholic extracts and petroleum ether of plant have the potential to healing wounds. The study also proved that the water extract show more activity than other two extracts^2,15. The high amount of saponins content is present in plant of Kalanchoe pinnata having ability to stop bleeding and in treatment of wound. Saponins also have the property of coagulation and precipitating of red blood cells (RBC). Other essential characteristics of saponins include hemolytic activity, formation of foams in aq. solution, bitterness and binding of cholesterol properties³⁸.

2) Hepatoprotective & Nephroprotective activity:

The juice of fresh leaves is extremely used for curing jaundice in the folk medicines of India`s bundelkhand area^15,
20. The ability of the ethanolic extracts of the marc and leaves juice left over after expressing the juice to protect against ccl4 induced hepatotoxicity were evaluated in rats. The ethanolic extract was show to be less effective than juice¹⁵. The protective effect on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity which may be involved their oxidative radical scavenging and anti-oxidant activity³⁶. It is play essential role in treatment of kidney stone in India³⁷.

3) Anti-histamine activity:

Back year studies found that pre-treatment with aqueous extract of k. pinnata decrease the level of secreted histamine in the mice cell. And a flavonoids fraction which obtained from the juice of plant between n-butanol and water contained substance are responsible for the antihistamine activity, anti-inflammatory effect and especially immunosuppressive^2,
10.

4) Hypoglycemic activity:

The extract of dried stem of plant Kalanchoe pinnata show the hypoglycemic activity. It was studies for decrease the level of glucose in the blood in normal fasted rats⁵. The plant Kalanchoe pinnata are used in the treatment of diabetes caused by insulin dysfunction due to the presence of zinc. Fresh egg albumin induced pedal oedema and streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus was used to test plant extract anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties in rats¹⁵. The different phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phytosterols and triterpenoids of the herb are speculated to account for observation anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and anti-diabetes activity³⁹.

5) Anti-inflammatory activity:

According to recent studies that kalanchoe plant can reduce the fevers and show anti-inflammatory, pain relief and muscle relaxant effects. In anti-inflammatory effects have been partially attributed to the immune modulatory and immunosuppressant effect⁷. Leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata are used against the inflammation and allergic reaction which provoked by insect bites in Brazil⁸.

6) Anti-depressant activity:

Kalanchoe pinnata has also shoe sedative and central nervous system (CNS) depressant action in animal studies. The leaf extract of plant K. pinnata have ability to increase the levels of a neurotransmitter in the brain. It is called GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)⁷.

7) Anti-oxidant activity:

The leaves of K. pinnata show maximum scavenging effects than the ethanolic extract shoe more total phenolic and flavonoid content than other extract. Kalanchoe pinnata have high anti-oxidant activity it may be due to presence of high number of flavonoids and phenols in the extract. By filling their aqua coordination sites and generating metal coordinates insoluble complexes the phenolic constituents have ability to interact with the transition chelates and metals even in lipid phase¹⁵.

8) Anti-cancer activity:

The isolated bufadienolides which obtained from k. pinnata and were examined for their inhibitory effects on epstin barr virus early antigen activation in raji cells which induced by tumor promoter, and all bufadienolides have good activity, while Bryophyllin A have highest activity¹⁹. Bryophyllin compounds show anticancer therapeutic value, it works against cancer cells. Bersaldegenin-1, 3, 5-orthoacetate have ability to inhibited cancer cell growth on several cancer lines⁴⁰.

9) Diuretic and anti-urolithiatic activity:

According to recent studies the diuretic and anti-urolithiatic activity of Kalanchoe pinnata, hydroalcoholic extract of leaves was administered orally and intraperitonially in male wistar rats. The effect of extract of urine output was determined from comparison the urine volume collected by keeping the individual animals in metabolic cages. The extract was found to have essentially diuretic and anti-urolithiatic activity and intraperitonial administered of the extract give more potent diuretic effects²⁰.

10) Toxic to cattle:

In calves the cardiac glycosides poisoning was producing through given flower heads of the hybrid bryophyllum pinnatum and its species. It is found that for individual plant, two calves were each given in a single dose of 20g wet weight/kg bodyweight. According to recent studies the bryotoxins A, B and C is probably account for observation disease^35,27.

Clinical applications:

· The leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata species is used in burns, congestive othalmia dysuria, diarrhea, boils, bites of insect, swelling, tuberculosis (TB), wounds and impetigo.

· The leaf extracts 3g, ghee 6g and jeera 3g is mixed to treat blood mixed diarrhea and cholera.

· The leaf poultice is useful to treating swelling, inflammation, sprains and wound.

· The mixture of kali mirch and leaf powder is also useful in burning during urination, inflammation, blocked urination and leprosy.

· The leaves roasted over fire are applied to place surgical sutures and wounds in the skin to prevention from discoloration of the skin³⁴.

CONCLUSION:

According to present studies in this review on several pharmacological properties and chemical constituents of extract and the constituents might provide incentive in medicine and agriculture for evaluation of the uses of the plant. In India and amazon some small companies are uses Kalanchoe pinnata as a raw materials for phytochemicals. The pharmacology studies have generally performed in vivo and in vitro with the help of animals. Kalanchoe pinnata plant shows the many pharmacological potential which is helpful to researcher to explode more about this valuable plant.

AKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I thankfull to Mr. Ravi Kumar for appreciation in this work and also thankfull to Dr. Girendra kumar Gautam for valuable and supported in every critical movements I thanks to Mr. Harshit Rana.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

There is no conflict of interest by authors.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION:

All authors are contribute own valuable advised, management and in contribution of materials for this study.

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Received on 30.09.2022 Modified on 26.11.2022

Res. J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2023;15(1):31-35.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2023.00007